sweetmeats are vegetarian and sweetbreads are made of meat
human language was a mistake and we are cowards for continuing to speak
sweetmeat: an item of confectionery or sweet food
sweetbread: culinary name for the thymus or pancreas of calf and lamb
humans shouldn’t be allowed to name anything
I’m a historical linguist! Have some explanation!
The word meat comes from Old English mete and originally just meant food in general. The word underwent semantic change (specifically: metonymy) so that eventually the word was used for a specific type of food, i.e., meat. So what did they call meat in OE if mete was food? Flæsc, which turned into ModE flesh (kind of like German Fleisch)(’Sup, West Germanic language family). So why do we have sweetmeat instead of, idk, sweet food? Idk. Compounds are weird, man, and the less often a word is used / more dialectal it is (never used “sweetmeat” where I came from), the less likely it is to undergo semantic change (Dr W actually talked about this in class Tuesday past).
So as to sweetbread. The -bread part in this is not etymologically related to bread. Bread, as in the stuff made from grain, came from OE… bread (which, funny story, actually use to mean “crumb” or “bit”; the original OE word was hlaf which then later turned into ModE loaf, and whose traces are in the words lord and lady [lord < hlaford < hlafweard “guardian of the loaf”; lady < hlæfdig, -dig < dæge “loaf maid; maker of the loaf”][these are some of my all-time favourite etymologies], but sometime in OE there was a meaning change and there you go). The -bread in sweetbread has kind of shaky etymology, coming (possibly) from OE bræd (æ could have possibly be written ae and then someone, probably a monk scribing somewhere, made a typo, and then people copied that typo, and then it became a thing due to analogy with bread [this is actually why the present tense and past tense of read are spelled the same way: past tense was ræd, with a long æ, but some monk made a typo and then the GVS happened and the rest is history]) which apparently also meant “meat”.
Why they decided to call it sweetbread as opposed to, idk, savourybread or somesuch is beyond me.
I’m sorry I’m such a huge nerd.
this is cool but am I still allowed to resent the outcome?
As part of my recent deep dive into philosophy and political economy, today’s audiobook is The Federalist Papers, and man…I really wish they’d teach The Federalist Papers in more detail in civics class, because Hamilton, Madison, and Jay are very up-front about their desire for an American empire and their suggestions for making one. They’re not even subtle.
Madison is such an absolute hawk. He’s all like “The democratic-republicans think we shouldn’t have a standing army, but if we don’t maintain a peacetime army then how are we gonna use the threat of force to bully our neighbors into compliance? Or finish doing genocides on the natives? And what if someday we need to kill a whole bunch of our own citizens and establish a police state? Betcha didn’t think about that!”
I try to avoid commenting overmuch on pop culture negatively or taking a dump on people’s favorite media but I swear to God if anybody from the Hamilton fandom comes on this post all like “Oh there go my faves being drama queens again :3” then I’m gonna come to your house and tar and feather you and force you to move to Kentucky.
These people were goddamn animals.
In the latter, it has reference to the proportion of wealth, of which it is in no case a precise measure, and in ordinary cases a very unfit one. But notwithstanding the imperfection of the rule as applied to the relative wealth and contributions of the States, it is evidently the least objectionable among the practicable rules, and had too recently obtained the general sanction of America, not to have found a ready preference with the convention. All this is admitted, it will perhaps be said; but does it follow, from an admission of numbers for the measure of representation, or of slaves combined with free citizens as a ratio of taxation, that slaves ought to be included in the numerical rule of representation? Slaves are considered as property, not as persons. They ought therefore to be comprehended in estimates of taxation which are founded on property, and to be excluded from representation which is regulated by a census of persons. This is the objection, as I understand it, stated in its full force. I shall be equally candid in stating the reasoning which may be offered on the opposite side. “We subscribe to the doctrine,” might one of our Southern brethren observe, “that representation relates more immediately to persons, and taxation more immediately to property, and we join in the application of this distinction to the case of our slaves. But we must deny the fact, that slaves are considered merely as property, and in no respect whatever as persons. The true state of the case is, that they partake of both these qualities: being considered by our laws, in some respects, as persons, and in other respects as property. In being compelled to labor, not for himself, but for a master; in being vendible by one master to another master; and in being subject at all times to be restrained in his liberty and chastised in his body, by the capricious will of another, the slave may appear to be degraded from the human rank, and classed with those irrational animals which fall under the legal denomination of property. In being protected, on the other hand, in his life and in his limbs, against the violence of all others, even the master of his labor and his liberty; and in being punishable himself for all violence committed against others, the slave is no less evidently regarded by the law as a member of the society, not as a part of the irrational creation; as a moral person, not as a mere article of property. The federal Constitution, therefore, decides with great propriety on the case of our slaves, when it views them in the mixed character of persons and of property. This is in fact their true character.
Alexander Hamilton, Federalist no. 54
So yeah. I’ll help you with the tar and feathering.
That passage in particular is… complicated. Hamilton’s argument is less that slave shouldn’t be viewed as people, and more that Southern slaveowners were perfectly willing to call slaves “people” when it came to things like determining population for governmental seats, but “property” for things like. Rights, and freedoms, and stuff. The man himself was nowhere near perfect, but he was an abolitionist.
“This is in fact their true character.” is a glaringly unambiguous statement
“Like, yeah they’re people, but we can still own them.”
I dunno how you interpret that any way but “Wow fuck this asshole.”
It’s far more than just they’re people but we can own them. There is a blatant contradiction between the admission that their ‘master’ can chastise them in their body whenever they damn well feel like it (by the capricious will) and the later claim that they’re life and limbs are protected from harm, that I guess is meant to balance out the next little gem:
Although they can be ‘chastised’, and sold, and ordered around, etc, they can be prosecuted if THEY commit any kind of violence.
When it comes to they’re having rights, they’re degraded to below human ranks and likened to “irrational animals”. Property. But when it comes to having the option to throw them in jail (despite the fact prisoners did force labor, that hardly seems like a consequence that would satisfy many prosecutors – just a guess) or execute them (I’m guessing that one was more common – guess again), they’re people and responsible for their actions.
Slavery was fucking disgusting. Historical figures, regardless of what else they did, do NOT get a pass. You like some accomplishment by Random Early Important American but he had slaves and/or approved of slavery? Fine, like the accomplishments, but also be very clear that that person’s stance on slavery WAS ABSOLUTELY FUCKING DISGUSTING. If they’re not known to have ever changed it and actively tried to make reparations, it is UNFORGIVABLE. Whatever they accomplished is still there. But it was done by a monster and it’s not right to deny it.
And before anybody tries to call any of these analyses “anachronistic” or otherwise tries to resort to “well, they were a product of their time”:
John Brown
Now, if it is deemed necessary that I should forfeit my life for the furtherance of the ends of justice, and mingle my blood further with the blood of my children and with the blood of millions in this slave country whose rights are disregarded by wicked, cruel, and unjust enactments, I submit; so let it be done!
it has happened before. it will happen again. it has been lost before. it will be lost again. and again. and again. and again. art and architecture are transient, and temporary, and 850 years may seem like a lot to the individual, who will live maybe 100 if they are very lucky and very healthy, but even the pyramids at saqqara have only existed for about 6000 years and that’s still not all that much, if you consider the grand scheme of things.
yes, this is terrible. as someone who is deeply religious and literally a professional historian with a focus on art and architecture, this is terrible. im mourning. im gutted. im horrified and upset and miserable. but.
it’s not over.
victor hugo wrote hunchback because notre dame du paris was in the process of collapsing and falling apart, and revitalized the entire world’s focus and love for this church, and that was not even 200 years ago. it led to it being renovated.
the roof has fallen in. the scars of fires are on its buttresses. the rose window has fallen out. the beams and piers have collapsed. the spire has toppled. the stones have suffered, and will suffer again, but it is not gone.
renovation work is essential. sometimes things collapse and burn and break and have to come back. it’s not a terrorist attack, it’s renovation, an accident, but we have so much evidence, history, carefully documented everything on one of the most studied places in the world.
it’s not the end.
Hey so, French person here. And also an ex History student. I’m here to say: Please listen to o.p. above.
Obviously everyone is shocked but here’s a few important key facts:
The roof is completely gone. Part of it dated back from the 13th century but the rest was from the 19th. The stone arch roof under the top roof is fine.
One of the three main stained glass rose windows has fallen out. Most of the other stained glass windows are okay.
The spire has fallen down and that’s the saddest part. BUT! It was in the process of being restored and the 16 statues that were there were removed just four days ago! So they’re fine.
The main structure is still here and nothing has “burned down” unlike what some people have been saying.
The “treasure” (sacred objects) is safe.
Notre Dame is still there. It’s just damaged. Almost nothing was lost today, and nobody was wounded either. It’s scary, but it’s gonna be okay.
dare i say that stuffed animals are one of the single greatest inventions of all time and im thankful every day for the fact that someone thought to make animals but in huggable plush form…..saved me from a lot of bad nights and nightmares as a kid, i love you stuffed animals
You may offer your thanks to Magarete Steiff
She lived in Germany and could be considered as the first person to sew stuffed animals merly for children to play with and to counter the common “hard” toys out of wood or metal wich were popular back then.
There is even so much more to the story, because she was as you can see paraliezed from polio, she couldnt walk or use her right arm, she had to fight all her life just to be accpeted as a human being, she wasnt even allowed to sit in the front row of church in her home village and had a pretty abusive mother. One time she and her brother almost drowned but the townpeople only attempted to save her brother because he was healty. Her father saved her from drowning in last minute.
Only her father and brother stood behind her, still she learned to accept her faith and make the best out of it. After a failed operation she said she had gone around living this way anyways. She started to sew, more importantly she started to sew with a sewing machine wich was realy new at this time. People would not buy from her at first but then she made a realy beautyfull dress for her best friend and suddenly everyone was crazy for her work.
Then she started to sew little elephants as pincushions, but when she attempted to sell them around christmas she quickly realized that for one children were crazy for them and wanted them as toys and also. this was what she wanted to do, bringing happiness to kids.
She expanded futher and gave work to over 20 women as sewers in her factory, her brother helped her to do so, and she started producing stuffed animals of all kinds (almost) their trademark was a button sewed into every anmals ear. It still is to this day.
Whit the economy crisis her factory, and she almost lost it, she already couldnt pay her workers, he factory was about to be forceclosed and the last hope was a toy fair they would attend,
and then she had an idea, she sewed a bear, the very first stuffed toy bear there was, with moveable head and limbs and realy soft fur and glass eyes, it was beautyfull, but at the toyfair most people thoght it was to expensive
most people because one american buyer fell in love with the bears, he bought them all and he ordered 3000 more, it saved the factory
you may ask why would anyone need 3000 stuffed toy bears easy, to support and
advertise the candidacy of
Theodore Roosevelt as the U.S. president, trough that the toy bear invented by Magarete Steiff became well known as the
Teddy Bear
<3
Disability history matters!
The fact that she faced so much ableism and discrimination in her life was indeed sad (and infuriating!) – and that may be the reaction of many abled people when they hear her story (the poor disabled little girl).
But the fact that she survived, and innovated, and brought modern machines to her hometown, and advocated for herself, and brought joy to so many people, in spite of that discrimination
(and I do mean “spite”)
is not sad at all.
It’s downright victorious!
I owe this woman so much joy thay my stuffies have brought me QwQ, I love her <3
Pretty convenient that a lot of American students never learn that Einstein was a Jew who came to America and started the nuclear research after fleeing from the Nazis and having most of his research lost in the book burnings.
Or how much of his life and work was shaped by his autism, like how it was his biggest asset because it allowed him to think differently, but also his biggest hurtle because of all the abuse he received in school from teachers who labeled him as a dunce and told him he was stupid because of his disability. Which he proved wrong by discovering the theory of relativity because of his autism instead of in spite of it.
EVEN THOUGH THOSE ARE THE TWO MOST RELEVANT DETAILS OF HIS LIFE THAT EXPLAIN HOW AND WHY HE DID ALMOST EVERYTHING HE DID. But nah, Im sure diversity wasn’t relevant enough to be important in this situation.
Its almost like we have a biased school system that censors the accomplishments of marginalized groups to stop them from realizing that people like them have accomplished things.
He taught at Lincoln University after he was told black students couldn’t attend his lectures at other colleges and universities.
Article quote: “In 1946, Einstein, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist traveled to Lincoln University where he gave a speech in which he called racism “a disease of white people,” and added, “I do not intend to be quiet about it.” Lincoln was the first school in the United States to grant college degrees to blacks.”
Remembering someone who cared about education
I didn’t know this about Einstein, all I knew was crazy hair math man. It makes me sad that we never learn about his life.
Lesson 24a – Vikings in Ireland, Part 1: “Tribal, Rural, Hierarchal, and Familiar.”
IRELAND WAS A RATHER UNIQUE PART of the medieval world. Interestingly enough, however, the Irish world was much more like the ‘Viking’ world than many others were at this time, particularly in their political situation and the power of kinship in medieval Irish society. Thus, this lesson will delve into the background of Irish society prior to the arrival of the Vikings. Such an endeavor will make upcoming discussions about their interactions much more clear and profitable.
CONTENTS: I. Medieval Irish Geography and Society II. The Irish Church: A Golden Age
I. MEDIEVAL IRISH GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIETY:
LIKE MEDIEVAL SCANDINAVIA, Ireland was a politically fractured region. It was split into four provinces (Ulster, Leinster, Connacht, and Munster), each ruled by various clans connected through a complex kinship-based network. The complexity of the map below should give a glimpse into the political landscape that existed in Ireland at this time.(1)
Even though there were four ‘official’ provinces, there was, in reality, far more division that that. Interestingly enough, these provinces as a whole were referred to as Cóiceda, or ‘pentarchy’.(2) In other words, these four provinces were each called Cóiced, or a ‘fifth’.(3) This is because, in Irish mythology, there was a fifth province, or kingdom, called Mide, or ‘middle’.(4) Interestingly enough, however, there was no actual Mide, despite the concept being so prevalent.
Irish society has been popularly, and accurately, described as “tribal, rural, hierarchical, and familiar.”(5) In other words, Ireland was divided into kin-based groups (tribal and rural), there were many different levels of ‘king’ (hierarchical), and, because kinship was so prevalent, the system was not like that of England, for example (familiar in the sense of native).
Therefore, as stated previously, these provinces were not unified under centralized leadership. The political landscape was dominated by various clans, called túatha.(6) These túatha were formed by fine, or kin,(7) and were then ruled over by a certain king. Yet, kinship itself varied greatly. There were four different types of ‘kings’, all varying in their degree of overlordship:
rí túaithe (a petty king, ruling over only one túath)
ruirí (a king over his own túath, but also over others)
rí ruirech (a provincial king, ruling over all túatha in a given cóiced)
ardrí (‘High king’, king of all kings)(8)
Since this is not a lesson on Irish history, it is important to note why such information is pertinent to a discussion about the Vikings coming to Ireland. The Norse world was also heavily based on kinship. It was also a very fractured political landscape, in which families fought for control over regions and resources. Thus, when the Vikings came to the Irish, the Irish were met with a familiar situation. Unlike the other victims of Viking raids, the Irish were better suited to handle their incursions, being aquatinted with the fractured politics that the Vikings themselves had come from. This will clear up more as we move forward, since looking back from a later point will provide us a clearer lens to look through.
II. THE IRISH CHURCH: A GOLDEN AGE:
MANY SCHOLARS ONCE CLAIMED that the Viking raids on Ireland devastated a golden era for Ireland.(9) This is perhaps true, but definitely not inclusive of the overall impact the Norsemen actually had on Ireland as a whole. Yet, saving debates for later, the Irish Church was indeed an impressive entity prior to the coming of the Vikings. Below is an example of the beautiful products of this age, the Book of Kells:
The Irish Church was insular, but international recognized. It was wealthy, involved with the political energy in the air, and tied up within powerful families and their dynasties – just like medieval Iceland, mind you (except Iceland was definitely not wealthy). Yet, there is a key point here. The Church was actively, no passively, tied up in political affairs. That being said, the lines between the Church and secular affairs were very faint.
“Monks and laymen were not cut off from each other. Monastic education was not reserved exclusively for those who were to enter religion but was also given to the sons of church tenants and to some laymen who in adult life would farm and raise families.”(10)
With a Church so mixed with secular affairs, it is to little surprise, then, that the Church would be involved in the tumultuous battles for dominance between túatha. In fact, many of the people who originally formed churches in Ireland were men of the nobility – those who fought for control over resources.(11) Again, this is important for a discussion about the Vikings because this Church of Ireland was already accustomed to violence.
Feidlimid mac Crimthainn, for example, was an Irish king who caused terror similar to that of the Vikings. The Annals of Ulster record his actions in the year of 833 CE, saying this in the seventh entry for that year:
“Feidlimid, king of Caisel, put to death members of the community of Cluain Moccu Nóis (Clonmacnoise) and burned their church-lands to the very door of their church. The community of Dairmag were treated likewise—to the very door of their church”(12)
Not only was he king, but also a bishop and abbot. Feidlimid was promoting a new reformist movement in the Irish church, “the Célí Dé, [which was] an ascetic group which emphasized prayer, physical works, strict observance of Sundays and feast days, and distrust of women.”(13) This event in the annals was of his punishment towards the community of Clonmacnoise for their refusal to adopt the reformist ways that he was advocating. This fascinating Irishmen is best described by F.
J. Byrn:
“In Feidlimid mac Crimthainn we meet one of the most enigmatic figures in Irish history. King and ecclesiastic, overlord of Leth Moga
and aspirant to the high-kingship of Ireland, a pious ruler who solemnly proclaimed the Law of Patrick in Munster and who is
gratefully remembered in the Vita Tripartita, a friend of the Celi De
ascetics, even a member of their order and regarded later as a saint,
a renowned warrior. At a most critical era in Irish history, when devastating Viking raids were succeeded by permanent base-camps and settlements, Feidlimid never once devoted his arms to attacking
these heathen foreigners but distinguished his martial career by
burning and plundering some of the greatest of Irish monasteries.”(14)
CONCLUSION:
IT IS ACTUALLY VERY IMPORTANT to understand the native settings before being able to study the impact of the Vikings and their raids on a particular ‘nation’. Ireland was a unique place, yet in many of the same ways that made medieval Scandinavia a unique place. Even though Ireland was a Christianized land with a brilliant Church, it was deeply intertwined with secular affairs. Irish kings could often be both secular and ecclesiastic. The Church that was attacked by the Vikings was the same Church that was at the center of secular conflict; it was not estranged to violence. Ireland was certainly an interesting place for the Vikings to land.
Next Week: Lesson 24b – Vikings in Ireland, Part 2: Arrival and Initial Impact.
_________________________
ENDNOTES: 1. The map actually shows some towns that were settled by Vikings, such as Dublin (which was actually known as Áth Clíath). It is not the most accurate map, but it does well in showing the diversity of Ireland from around the year 900 CE. Fig 1. Erakis, Map of Ireland, circa 900, with Overkingdoms and Principal (Viking) Towns Indicated, 2010. Retrieved from Wikipedia Commons. 2.eDIL, an internet-based Dictionary of the Irish Language. 3. Ibid., singular form of Cóiceda. They are actually still referred to as fifths even today (modern Irish cúige). 4.eDIL. In early Irish mythology, this kingdom was inhabited by the Túatha Dé Danand (the People of the Goddess Danu). These were the Irish gods of old, who once invaded Ireland and settled it. Yet, they were eventually chased into another world, called Síde, by the Sons of Míl (humans from Spain, who then become the ‘Irish’). These tales come from the Lebor Gabála. See Jeffery Gantz, Early Irish Myths and Sagas. (London: Penguin Books, 1981), 7. 5. D.A. Binchy, “Secular Institutions,” in Early Irish Society, edited my M. Dillon. (Dublin, 1954), 54. 6.eDIL, meaning ‘peoples’. Singular = túath, meaning ‘a people’. 7.eDIL, meaning "a group of persons of the same family or kindred". 8. Although Irish mythology often includes an ardrí, there was not a real one until Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, who was deemed by the Irish Church as Imperātōr Scōtōrum (latin for ‘emperor of the gaels’) in 1005. 9. To name one such scholar is to name Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones and his book The Golden Age of the Church (1906). Although not particularly about the Irish Church, he has this to say of the Vikings and their impact on the Church as a whole: “The second half of the ninth and tenth century was the saddest of all the Christian centuries…Desolation, mourning, and woe existed in all the fair provinces of the West. The Vikings, the northern sea-pirates, pillaged, burnt, and destroyed in the North and West. …What was saddest of all, God was forgotten, and even in the greatest and most solemn monasteries, disorder reigned unchecked.” (Spence-Jones, 142-43). We have come a long way from that image, have we not? Fig 2.Book of Kells, Folio 34r, Chi Rho Monogram. Retrieved from Wikipedia Commons. 10. Kathleen Hughes, “The Golden Age of Early Christian Ireland: 7th and 8th centuries,” in The Course of Irish History, 5th ed., edited by T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, and Dermot Keogh, with Patrick Kiely. (Lanham, MD: Roberts Rhinehart Publishers, 2012), 68. 11. Jennifer Dukes-Knight, “Ireland Before the Vikings,” Lecture, Celtic History, University of South Florida, Fall 2015. 12.Annals of Ulster, 291 (Year U833). Accessed on CELT: The Corpus of Electronic Texts. 13. Michael Staunton, "Saints and Scholars,” in The Voice of the Irish: The Story of Christian Ireland. (Mahwah, NJ: HiddenSpring, 2003), 66. 14. Haggart, Craig. “Feidlimid Mac Crimthainn and the ‘Óentu Maíle Ruain’” Studia Hibernica, no. 33 (2004): 29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20495158.
Brent Seales called them Fat Bastard and Banana Boy. They were two charred, highly fragile relics that had survived the Mount Vesuvius volcanic eruption of 79 CE, which doused residents of Pompeii and neighboring Herculaneum in a searing blast of destructive gas and volcanic matter. Herculaneum was buried under 80 feet of ash that eventually became solid rock.
Incredibly, the library of Herculaneum (known as the Villa dei Papiri) was still filled with over 1800 scrolls, solidified into dark husks. The words inside—religious text, scientific observation, poetry—could provide unprecedented insight into human history. Yet unraveling them has proved difficult. The papyri are so damaged and rigid from lack of moisture that they suffer from a kind of archaeological rigor mortis. And unlike the paralysis that seizes the body upon death, this condition is permanent. Delicate attempts to open the scrolls by hand have been destructive. For a long time, it seemed as if the secrets of the texts would remain locked away for good.
But as Seales stared at the two hardened masses in front of him in 2009, he didn’t share that pessimism. A professor of computer science at the University of Kentucky, he believed that the manual unwrapping that had long failed could be replaced by virtual unwrapping—the digital opening of the texts using computer tomography (CT) scanning and software to penetrate inside the rolled-up scrolls, revealing layers once thought invisible to the eye.
I’m actually surprised that anyone could look at the paintings in the Lascaux caves and think, “how primitive”. I know they’re like the quintessential prehistoric cave paintings, but the observational proportions and the line weight are actually really good. Also they have an incredible sense of movement. (In fact, some people think that’s the purpose of overlapping the different colored images – to basically animate the drawings. The only lighting would be flickering torchlight, and the pictures are very large. I can imagine it might be rather intimidating in person.)
Just to show you what I mean. You try drawing a better lion than some of these
Prehistoric art work is such an underrated and underappreciated part of our culture as humans and anyone who belittles it needs to just look at them! They are gorgeous!
people who dont even care about language: how can you just CHANGE grammar??? add new wORds?? unacceptable!!! language must never change!!!!!11 kids these days cant even spell!!
people who study language: ANARCHY!! ANARCHY!!!! LANGUAGE IS FLUID AND WORDS AREN’T REAL!! change! the! grammar! rules!! burn a dictionary!!! NO ONE CARES!!!!!
If languages weren’t able to change none of us would be speaking the languages we speak nowadays.
The current English language is a mix of German, French and Old English (or whatever language Anglo-saxons spoke).
The current Spanish is a mix of Vulgar Latin, Arabic, Occitan (really old French) and Basque.
Languages are alive because WE are alive. Languages change because WE change.
